Expression of cognitive and functional disorders is a common clinical development of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that is essentially determined by the site and severity of the insult. The present study sought to examine the effects of closed-head TBI on memory in albino rats, in order to further examine the potential efficacy of an acute antioxidants treatment with Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO), Vitamin C and Alpha µ- lipoic acid (ALA). The rat model of closed-head injury by weight drop method was applied on anesthetized rats. The treatment protocol included single oral administration of DMSO, Vitamin C and ALA in three different doses (22.5, 45 and 67.5 mg/kg) 1hr post-TBI and continued for two weeks. The Novel Object Recognition Test as well as the Modified Neurological severity score (mNSS) were employed to assess post-TBI memory and neurological function respectively. Our results revealed a recognition memory deficit that was significant 7 days after TBI up to 14 days post-TBI. Most importantly, DMSO, Vitamin C and ALA were able to attenuate the memory impairment by TBI. The mNSS of the treated groups decreased significantly than the non-treated group in the first and second week. Conclusively, the use of antioxidants can help in the management of TBI by reducing oxidative stress and improving cognitive function.

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a chronic and debilitating disorder characterized by inattentiveness and impulsiveness, the most commonly encountered symptoms of hyperactivity. Adults with ADHD can suffer performance loss and loss of employment. It has been determined that individuals with ADHD have difficulty driving. Hypothesis of the research was that “the airport workers with a history of workplace driving accident have higher level of symptoms of ADHD, compared to the workers without a history of workplace driving accidents”. A total of 138 accidents involving vehicles occurred between 2012 and 2014 at Havas, where the research was conducted. The research participants were given a questionnaire (study group was 110 workers involved in an accident; control group was 111 workers, matched with the study group for sex and age, although they were not involved in an accident) comprising Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (AASRS) and Adult ADHD DSM-IV Based Diagnostic Screening and Rating Scale (A-ADHDS). Using these scales, the participants were evaluated with respect to their accident status, performance, attendance and demographics. Diagnosis of ADHD was encountered only one employee in study group. A-ADHDS Hyperactivity subscale score was found to be significantly higher in study group compared to control group. Scores of the other subscales of A-ADHDS and AASRS found to be similar in groups. These results suggest that although there found to be no significant differences in rates of ADHD diagnosis in workers with a history of driving accident and the control group; the former may have higher rates of hyperactivity symptoms. Informing the workers and the employers about the effects and consequences of ADHD symptoms in workplace, screening the symptoms of ADHD in those to be employed in critical areas requiring driving skills might decrease the risk of workplace accidents.

Our total body postural behavior results from an integration of all our body reflexes, and this integration occurred in central nervous system. New born baby do not have this integration and his/her all movements are automatic and crud level. Normal brain leads to normal development. And lesion in abnormal brain leads to abnormal development. Lesion in immature brain leads to abnormal tone development and abnormal postures. In cerebral palsy there is lesion in immature brain that leads to abnormal sensory-motor development. In cerebral palsy there is no integration of neonatal reflexes and delayed in motor development. Abnormal reflex movements produce abnormal synergies and abnormal posture. Primitive reflexes have very important role in development of child. These reflexes also have prime importance in assessment and evaluation. As there is brain lesion in these children, upper center do not have inhibitory effect on lower center, so there is an exaggerated reflex movements. There are different senserimotor approaches of treatment like Bobath, Brunnstrom’s movement therapy, Rood’s approach and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation. Theoretical basis of these treatments are neurodevelopmental modal, reflex theory, hierarchical theory and system approach. Reflex integration should be major component of treatment in children with cerebral palsy.

Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have been used for decades in the treatment of seizures in both humans and animals. There are different varieties of AEDs to choose from, the choice of an AED is determined by the seizure type, effectiveness of the drug in controlling seizure, cost and the side effects of the drug used. Epilepsy therapy could be monotherapy, that is, the use of an appropriate AED or polytherapy in which case, two or more AEDs are combined particularly in the case of refractory epilepsy. The side effects of AEDs are diverse and affect virtually all the systems of the body. This review is aimed at studying the side effects associated with the administration of carbamazepine, phenytoin and their combination on cognition and neurobehavioural generally, particularly in Wistar rats. Generally, the side effects of AEDs observed are not so detrimental because the discontinuation of the drugs usually cause a reverse of the effects observed. For this review, available informations on the effects of antiepileptic drugs on neurobehavioural activities were accessed from electronic databases.

Bipolar Disorder is characterized with unusal shiftingof mood, frommania to depression and is an extremely risky and very serious mood disorder. The person’s behavior may damage both his/her social function and harm the people in his/her environment. Although bipolar disorder recurs during the person’s life and thus can manifest at any age, its onset is often observed during early twenties. The difference in prevalence between males and females has not been clearly determined. Although genetics play a role, the disorders cannot be explained by inheritance alone. The disorders has also been explained by disruptions of neurotransmitter balance, in plane words the disruption in the transmission of signals. Bipolar disorder is a brain disorder and impairs functioning of the brain. Rationalized decision making and improper reasoning can be seen. Therefore, attention impairments with cognitive content are also on the agenda of bipolarity. Neural basis of bipolar disorder is not clearly known but it is suggested that the right frontoparietal cortex is particularly affected. In bipolar disorder, the concept of right hemisphere dysfunction is not new, it has been originally presented by Flor-Henry (1969, 1979). In this review we aimed to review research exploring hand/foot dominance in the light of this hypothesis. We first aimed to, find studies that measured hand dominance in bipolar disorder to find out whether there were any organizational differences in the brain of people with bipolar disorder. From several articles accessed via Pubmed database Five articles in met the inclusion criteria and were thus included to the review. In general, right hemisphere dominance in bipolar disorder was evident in these studies. However it is also acknowledged that further studies are needed to evaluate whether hand lateralization is related to biological or functional hemispheric asymmetry parameters in patients with bipolar disorder,. It is thought that neuroimaging studies on bipolar disorder patients with dominant left hand, foot and eye will shed light on many points for elucidating the organizational alterations in mental disorders such as bipolarity.

In the present paper, we discussed the insufficiencies of two-dimensional (2D) confrontations and proposed the utility of threedimensional (3D) and even four-dimensional (4D) confrontations, in researches specially of mono-symptomatic psychopathological cases like for instance in pedophilia.

Proprioception is the sense of the relative position of parts of the body and strength of effort being employed in movement. Proprioception is essential for well-adapted sensorimotor control. Although proprioceptive deficits are known to be a common after several neurological and orthopedic conditions such as stroke, Parkinson’s disease, peripheral sensory neuropathies, or injuries to ligaments, joint capsules, and muscles, there is no objective, accurate, and reliable method available in clinical settings to assess proprioceptive function. In this chapter specific techniques developed to assess proprioception will be briefly discussed.